In the 1930s, Fermi demonstrated that elements subjected to neutron bombardment could be transformed into new elements.
We can attribute the discovery of nuclear fission to the work of Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. Up first is a quick review of atomic structure and radioactivity. This article will review how nuclear bombs work, including how they're built and deployed. While the political landscape of nuclear warfare has changed considerably over the years, the science of the weapon itself - the atomic processes that unleash all of that fury - have been known since the time of Einstein. And by the 2020s, increasing tensions between Russia and western nations, coupled with the prospect of a new generation of hypersonic missiles capable of evading early-warning systems to deliver nuclear warheads, raised the prospect of a frightening new nuclear arms race. The underground explosion was so significant that it created an earthquake with a magnitude of 4.5. In 2009, the North Koreans successfully tested a nuclear weapon as powerful as the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima. īut another totalitarian country, North Korea, succeeded where Saddam had failed. By then Pakistan had tested its first nuclear weapon in 1998. It turned out, though that he had abandoned those secret efforts. invaded Iraq and toppled its dictator, Saddam Hussein, in part due to a fear that he was trying to develop a nuclear weapon. īut the specter of the nuclear bomb never really went away. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Bush and Boris Yeltsin, president of the new Russian Federation, signed another treaty, START II, in 1992, which cut the number of warheads and missiles even more. Bush, and Gorbachev signed an even more important treaty, START I, and agreed to major reductions in their arsenals. By late in the decade, as the Soviet Union began to teeter economically, Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev were working in earnest toward nuclear arms limitation. from attack, but also might have enabled the U.S. pursued a strategy of developing anti-missile defense technology - dubbed "Star Wars" by skeptics - that was intended to protect the U.S.
During the 1970s and '80s, tensions continued. That grisly threat deterred them from utilizing nukes against one another, but even so, the fear of a cataclysmic nuclear war remained. Both had a strategy of mutual assured destruction - basically that even if one nation launched a successful sneak attack that killed millions and wreaked widespread devastation, the other nation still would have enough weapons left to counterattack and inflict an equally brutal retribution. Eventually, the nuclear powers became frozen in a standoff.
Homeowners dug bunkers in their backyards. Schools conducted nuclear air raid drills. The nuclear bomb loomed over everyone and everything. Other nations - the United Kingdom, France, China and Israel - all had nuclear weapons by the late '60s. Submarines were equipped with nuclear missiles as well, making it even easier to launch a devastating attack. Both countries augmented their fleets of strategic bombers with land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles capable of reaching one another's cities from thousands of miles away. and the Soviets slipped into a decadeslong period of animosity that became known as the Cold War, both nations developed an even more powerful nuclear weapon - the hydrogen bomb - and built arsenals of warheads.
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